RHODODENDRONS, AZALEAS and CAMELLIAS

RHODODENDRONS, AZALEAS and CAMELLIAS

Azaleas, Rhododendrons and Camellias flood the garden with colour in late spring when most spring bedding plants and bulbs have faded away. The first to flower is usually the Rhododendron praecox, a small evergreen bush with mauve flowers in

Mixed dwarf azaleas

late March provided there are no late frosts around to spoil the delicate blooms. Rhododendrons and azaleas come in all sizes and are very popular all over UK, as they are very reliable and easy to grow provided you give them well drained but moist soil, not prone to drying out and the soil must be acidic. A sunny aspect is also of benefit, as is dappled shade, but not deep shade under trees. In

Azalea Vyuks Scarlet

preparing an area for these plants add plenty well rotted leaf mould and even rotted pine needles. A bit of feeding is good to get them started, but either use ericaceous fertiliser or the sulphates of ammonia, potassium and iron, but in modest amounts as these fertilisers are all acidifying in nature. A good source of plants and information can be found at Glendoick Garden Centre, and with an enjoyable trip up the glen beside the centre you can see them at their best in a natural environment as well as other woodland plants such as the Himalayan Blue Poppy, maples and primulas.

Some plants can be propagated by cuttings and layering but for

Camellia Adolphe Audusson

the difficult varieties grafting onto a suitable rootstock is necessary. Best to leave that to the professionals who use non suckering under stocks. The dwarf Japanese azaleas are relatively easy to propagate from both cuttings and layering made easy as they are ground hugging. Adding a top dressing of well rotted leaf mould often helps the layering process.

Varieties The gardener is absolutely spoiled for choice as there are thousands to choose from. So give thought to space available with good acidic moisture retaining soil (but not a heavy clay soil), the right degree of light and shade, good drainage and how deep pockets you have. My first choice in late teens were associated with experiences in the Dundee Parks, so Rhododendron praecox was a must. We had a gorgeous bed of them in Dawson Park, grown in almost pure leaf mould, and then in the sunken

Rhododendron praecox

garden there was a range of the dwarf Japanese Kurume Azaleas. Of course as an apprentice I was shown how to propagate these by cuttings and layering and soon I had my own wee collection in my council house garden in St. Marys. My two favourites were Blaaws Pink and Vuyks Scarlet, both still popular today. As apprentices we were told about the plant explorers, both the Cox family members and also E H Wilson who went to Japan and returned with his choice of the best evergreen dwarf Japanese Azaleas known as the Wilson 50. My next choice was Rhododendron Elizabeth, a low growing bright red but a bit prone to mildew. Many years later I still grow a wide range of Rhododendrons, azaleas and camellias. I like the scented yellow deciduous Azalea luteum, and A. Anneke also yellow, A. Gibralter and Klondyke both an eye catching golden orange, but there are masses to choose from. Low growing yellow Rhododendron Nancy Evens, scarlet Dopey, and for a good white try Dora Amateis. My two must have Camellias are the very popular pink Donation and the bright red Adolphe Audusson.

Like all plants they are also prone to a range of pests and diseases. The Azalea gall Exobasidium vaccinii can be a real nuisance on the dwarf Azaleas, but keep problem at bay be removing the galls as soon as seen. Scale is the latest problem and associates with sooty mould. Spray under the leaves with an insecticide in late spring once the scales are on the move. Phytophthora root rot is the latest plant problem affecting everything from trees and shrubs, raspberries and potatoes. Just keep fingers crossed as there is no solution yet.

Wee jobs to do this week

Planting sweet corn

Plant out sweet corn on ground that had a green manure crop of tares sown in early spring and dug in a couple of weeks ago. Plants were raised from seed grown indoors under glass, and then potted up to make strong plants for planting out. I plant out in a square block, spacing plants just over a foot apart as this will assist wind pollination. In last years brilliant summer my plants were yielding between one and three cobs per plant with the variety Incredible.

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ENJOYING THE WEATHER

ENJOYING THE WEATHER

It may only be mid May, but summer has arrived. Hope it is still with us when this goes out in print. Both garden plants and gardeners are having a great time. There has been some rain, but not enough for good plant growth so the hose has been in constant use. This brilliant weather brings back memories of 1975, which was a fantastic summer, only to be followed by 1976 which was even better. Summer last year may have been late in arriving but then tropical weather for the rest of the summer and into autumn made up for it. So it

Chrysanthemums intercropped with Lettuce

would be nice to see how this year compares to 2018. Last year the absence of spring held back plants by three weeks. I picked my first strawberries on 11^th June, but this year the first strawberries were ripe for picking on 11^th May, a good four weeks ahead of last year. Mind you this is the early strawberry Christine grown under a low polythene tunnel. It is a lot of work, but the rewards of those first ripe berries makes it all worth while.

The tulip show this year was fantastic and lasted for weeks. This year’s star performer was tulip Strong Gold which was in flower for nearly a whole month.

However the early warm spell gave greenfly a boost so they became a problem on roses, blackcurrants, gooseberries and plums which were infested by the rosy leaf curling plum aphid.

Figs have started into growth, and although the book tells us to remove last year’s unripe figs, I have left mine on as many will develop into an early crop of figs.

Rhubarb was quick into leaf and flower spikes soon appeared. Remove these as soon as possible usually in early May so the first stems are ready for a

Broad beans growing strongly

rhubarb crumble by mid May.

Potatoes got a great start as my chitted spuds were well advanced and never looked back. Earthing up had to be done regularly from late April onwards as frost was always threatened, but fortunately never appeared. They look so promising that I think I will be ready to lift a trial shaw of first early, Casa Blanca by the end of May.

Chrysanthemums grown from cuttings were prolific this year as the old stools had plenty growth with the mild winter, so I had more than I needed and plenty to give away. Some spare plants got planted as an interplant between a couple of rows of cauliflower to see if they are happy together occupying different height requirements. My normal block of chrysanthemums is a bed of three rows and

Onion Hytech

since they have a wide spacing I am trying a batch of quick growing lettuce Lollo Rossa in between the rows. The lettuce was sown in the greenhouse several weeks ago.

Broad beans planted in early April have put on a lot of growth so staking is necessary to prevent them falling over. Check regularly for signs of the pea and bean weevil which cuts notches around the leaves and can be a real pest. If you are careful you can spot them and catch them for crushing before they drop to the soil.

Onions are well established and just love the heat, but unfortunately need watering in the dry weather. Fingers crossed that this doesn’t lead to a white rot infection.

Early potatoes and strawberries

Peas, leeks, parsnips, turnip, lettuce, rocket and spring onion all grown from seed have now all germinated so need watering to keep them growing and need weeded regularly.

Areas allocated for pumpkins, courgettes and sweet corn were all sown with a green manure crop. This is now ready for digging in a few weeks ahead of planting.

The compost heap has been growing bigger with kitchen waste, old spring bedding plants, withered bulb leaves and residues from last year’s crops so it is a good time to give it a turn over to help break down plant materials.

Summer hanging basket

Wee jobs to do this week

Hanging baskets for a summer display can now be made up with geraniums, petunias, trailing lobelia, bizzie lizzies, fuchsias and trailing tuberous begonias, although for something different why not try, trailing tomatoes or strawberries. I keep mine for a few weeks on a large flower pot till it is well established before lifting it in place on sturdy wall brackets.

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THE SUMMER FLOWERS

 THE SUMMER FLOWERS

The spring flowering bulb season has now passed but the cool spring weather allowed flowering to last for weeks brightening up gardens with daffodils, tulips and many other flowers. However before we remove the old foliage we must let it die down to

Cherry Cherokee

help build up strong bulbs for flowering next year. During this time we have been growing plants for our summer display for tubs, beds, and hanging baskets. Some of the hardier types such as chrysanthemums were planted out at the end of April, and geraniums planted out in early May, but Bizzie Lizzies, marigolds, petunias and tuberous begonias are still a bit tender so these were the last to get put outdoors for hardening off.  The mild winter allowed geraniums grown on windowsills from autumn cuttings to put on plenty of growth and flowers, but these were picked off to encourage growth. This gave us more scope to take tops out for cuttings, so now we have plenty of strong young geraniums for planting out where they can flower all through summer in beds, tubs and baskets.

Delosperma nubigenum

Where spring flowering wallflowers and polyanthus have gone over these can be removed to the compost heap, but pansies always want to continue flowering till mid summer, so carefully lift them out of containers and find a quiet spot in the garden to plant them into. This is a great idea for brightening up a few dull corners, and the compost helps to improve the soil.

Philadelphus virginal

The early summer flowers with impact will include the oriental poppies with huge bold red flowers and the flag iris in a wide range of colours. Another early flowering plant is the Euphorbias, with red flowers on the variety griffithii Fireglow and yellow flowers on polychroma. Be very careful when working close to the Euphorbias as any damage to the stem allows sap to flow which can be a severe irritant on exposed skin.

Fruit trees are a picture in late spring and early summer when the apples, plums, pears and cherries are covered in blooms with the promise of good crops to follow. Last year my apple Fiesta never had any flowers as it is a biennial cropper, but this year it has a mass of blooms. Peach Avalon Pride had flowers so small that I thought they had no chance.

Rose Gertrude Jekyll

This is a late flowering variety said to have some resistance to peach leaf curl, and although there has been plenty bees around I doubt if they could see the flowers. However on close inspection I see I have about twenty very small peaches beginning to grow, but the peach leaf curl disease has infected most of the foliage. Time will tell if I see any peaches mature in late summer.

Summer bedding plants

Winter pansies still in flower

Summer flowering shrubs usually start with the Forsythia, followed on with Viburnums then Ceanothus, Berberis darwinnii and the tall highly scented Philadelphus. This year they are all putting on a great show, and the first of the rhododendrons and azaleas are now in flower. Pieris Forest Flame may be growing in my shade border, but it still manages to put on a great show of bright red shoots and white flowers.

Down at ground level the dwarf succulent Delosperma nubigenum is a mass of yellow daisy shaped flowers in May and the Phlox subulata is smothered in deep pink flowers. This phlox sometimes

Summer flowers on a dry wall

flowers at the same times as the Apeldoorn tulips, but not this year, as all the tulips came a couple of weeks early. Climbing and bush roses are now all getting ready to join the summer flowers, despite plagues of greenfly, and appearance of mildew after the long dry spell.

Good grape potential

Wee jobs to do this week

Grape vines under glass have made an early start with spurs all producing many shoots most of which are showing one or two bunches of grapes. Outdoors cool weather has kept back growth so summer pruning for these can wait another three weeks. Pruning for both glasshouse grown and outdoors against south facing walls and fences is the same. Remove the growing tip of every sideshoot leaving one or two leaves after the grape bunch. Later on as more shoots develop cut these to leave only one leaf. Any shoot without any sign of grapes can be removed. At the end of summer even more thinning is needed to allow sunlight to penetrate into the developing grapes to help ripen them up and reduce incidence of botrytis mould.

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BUSY SPRING DAYS

 BUSY SPRING DAYS

In my early training years to become a gardener we were taught how to garden by the book. There was a good practise guide for all crops and if you followed it precisely you would get exhibition standard results. No-one told us that only worked

Earthing up potatoes

if the weather was on your side. In them days weather was fairly predictable. Winter ended at the end of March when grass cutting began, it was always cold at Easter, tulips always flowered in May, and summer started at the June bank holiday. Move forward fifty years and you can throw that gardening book away. Everything you do now is dependant on weather which is no longer reliable. Winter and

Nets keep pigeons out

sometimes spring often fail to arrive; then summer starts in early spring followed by a return to winter. Greenhouse plants put out to harden off have often had to go back inside when frost threatens. This year we started off three weeks ahead after a mild winter so working with this idea seed sowing was advanced from the plan, but then it turned colder and the long dry spell came to an end. We are now back into good gardening weather, so sowing, planting, weeding and numerous other gardening tasks are all going ahead at full speed.

Potatoes that had been planted in March are all well through so now earthing up has begun. Some were earthed up a few weeks ago as my earlies, Charlotte and Casablanca pushed through in early April when frost risk was still a threat so they needed to be protected. So far they have been lucky and top growth is excellent so now

Anna checks for gooseberry sawfly damage

we are well into May I keep my fingers crossed.

Dry weather prevailed in early to mid April so watering was necessary over the whole plot. Leeks were very slow to germinate as soil temperatures were still low, and constant watering was necessary. Green manure crops sown ahead of courgettes, pumpkin and sweet corn planting are still very slow to thicken up. Weeds are now trying to make up for lost time. They were slow to get started but now the hoe has been out constantly to keep them in check. Early May is a good time for checking over the gooseberries looking for signs of sawfly damage, so give them an insecticide spray as soon as they appear as they very quickly devour the leaves in a few days.

Early strawberries protected with low polythene tunnels made a lot of growth with plenty flowers so it has been necessary to keep tunnels ventilated to reduce condensation, allow watering and weeding and let bees in to pollinate the flowers.

Young brassicas grown in cellular trays have now all been planted. Clubroot resistant cabbage Kilaton, cauliflower Clapton, sprouts Crispus and kale all got planted into a block that had been composted in early winter then limed a couple of months later. However they are all very prone to

Ventilate strawberry tunnels

pests so collars were put round each one to prevent root fly attacks, netting used to keep out pigeons and cabbage white butterflies. Then slug pellets were scattered around them as slugs and snails all survived the mild winter and are very hungry. Onion Hybound grown from seed in the greenhouse and pricked out into cellular trays were hardened off in mid April and planted out in early May.

An early batch of lettuce Lollo Rossa got planted out as a catch crop in between my two double rows of broad beans as well as in between my block of chrysanthemums. Hopefully this lettuce will be ready for use before the beans and chrysanthemums need the space. The mild winter helped growth on the chrysanthemum stools so I was able to take well over a hundred cuttings from twenty stools. That gave me plenty for myself plus spares to give away. I also planted a row in between two rows of cabbages. The cabbages only grow 18inches so with chrysanthemums growing a lot taller they may well work together. Time will tell.

Apple mildew

This has been a good time to give the compost heap its first turn over, and daffodils, tulips and pansies all get dead headed as spring flowers fade. There’s never a weary moment on the plot.

Wee jobs to do this week

Check over apple trees for mildew and remove any primary infections. Mildew spores over winter on infected buds then in spring the disease emerges and spreads to healthy leaves. At this time of year the infected buds are totally covered in mildew so easy to spot and remove before they spread.

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PLANTS FOR THE SHADE

PLANTS FOR THE SHADE

Bee pollinating flowers of Hydrangea petiolaris

Choosing plants for the garden is usually fairly simple for most areas, but there is always an awkward corner in deep shade from buildings, trees, hedges or fences. These areas can still be made very attractive provided you choose the right plants. Some plants like dry shady areas and others prefer it moist, so do some research before buying in plants.

Prepare the ground by digging over, removing big stones and

Pieris

add some planting compost ahead of planting. Shady corners can be brightened up by planting variegated plants or those with golden, bronze or gray foliage. If the ground has a steep slope controlling weeds could be a problem so choose evergreens which can smother germinating weeds. Dwarf conifers are perfect for these areas and there are plenty to choose from. Thuja Rheingold has golden bronze foliage and does not get too big. Juniperus squamata meyeri is a low growing evergreen with blue foliage and Juniperus pfitzeriana aurea has yellow/green foliage. Both are low and spreading and quite dense so very few weeds will survive with them to compete with. Other evergreen ground cover plants can include the white dead nettle, Lamium White

Euonymous Emerald N Gold

Nancy which can thrive in moist shade. Another for moist shade is the range of gold and silver Hostas, but watch out for slugs which just love the foliage.

For something quite different the black grass Ophiopogon planiscapis nigrescens is worth a try.  For areas with partial shade the London Pride makes a solid ground cover with flowers in May.

Where there is room for some bigger plants try lonicera Baggesons Gold with yellow leaves. It makes a dense bush six feet tall which birds just love to nest in, and for an even bigger bush come small tree the holly will provide berries for winter decoration and also comes in golden and silver variegated forms.

Doronicum with tulips

There are many flowering plants that are shade tolerant and can give some colour to dull areas.

At ground level in late winter there are numerous flowering bulbs that can be used. Snowdrops have always been a favourite and with some early flowering types you can have flowers from mid December onwards if we get more mild winters. Then the winter aconites begin to flower from February to March. Planting bulbs under deciduous trees and under fruit trees can create a lot of interest using those just mentioned, then later on the grape hyacinths, Chionodoxa and Anemone blanda flower in early April, and towards the end of April the bluebells have their moment in the spotlight. Both Daffodils and narcissus types

Ophiopogon Black Grass

can all be used in shady areas and really add colour letting us know the end of winter is here and spring is just round the corner.

There are plenty herbaceous perennials happy growing in shady spots so try some low growing ground cover Bergenias with pink flowers, Doronicums with yellow flowers or some Pulmonarias with blue flowers, and a large range of Primulas with flowers in all colours. As we go into summer a few choice plants could include some red  Astilbe Fanal, yellow Geums and blue Meconopsis, the Himal;ayan Blue Poppy, and for white flowers the Anemone Honorine Jobert is hard to beat.

Coming up the scale there is a wealth of Rhododendrons from low growing to massive tall types as well as Azaleas, Pierris and

Silver Euonymous

Camellias, all providing a terrific show of colour in spring, then in summer Fuchsia Mrs Popple will flower quite happily in the shade.

If you need a plant for shady walls both Hydrangea petiolaris and Pyracantha, the Firethorn, with orange berries in autumn will be quite successful.

If you happen to have a flower bed that suffers a bit of shade use polyanthus and primulas for spring colours together with dwarf tulips, and in summer try bedding fuchsias, tuberous begonias and impatiens, the Busy Lizzie.

Wee jobs to do this week

Harden off plants grown under glass. Onions, geraniums and chrysanthemums were all taking up greenhouse space needed for a couple of rows of tomatoes, so they are now all outdoors taking advantage of the warm Easter weather. However tuberous begonias and Impatiens (Busy Lizzies) are too soft so they will remain under glass for another couple of weeks just in case winter returns.

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TULIPS

TULIPS

May is normally the peak flowering time for tulips, but with our mild winters and early spring, tulips have been in flower since March. This year spring started very early, but then cooler winds from the north arrived and cooled things down for a few weeks.

Mixed tulips in a rose bed

Tulips last a lot longer in these conditions so our extended displays are a bonus, and by using a combination of early season, mid season and late flowering varieties tulips can be flowering for a good couple of months or longer.

Tulip Abba and Sun Lover

At this time of year it is a good idea to assess the impact of the flower display so that it can be enhanced for the following year by adding a few more tulips in the autumn. Where ever I have drifts of tulips I check to see if they can be improved by adding a different colour such as a white, pink or orange amongst a drift of yellow and reds.  It is not hard to find areas in the garden that can be improved by adding tulips. They are very versatile, flowering in spring, then after a couple of months they are ready to go dormant so they don’t interfere with the needs of other plants in the same area. Companion planting can be a great success when the season is in your favour.

Tulip Scarlet Baby with saxifrage

My first tulips to flower are the Kaufmanniana tulip Scarlet Baby planted alongside some lemon yellow saxifrage both flowering together in late March. Sometimes the seasons are not in their favour and one flowers ahead of the other, but when they both come out together it makes a great display in early spring. The next to flower early in the season in late March to early April is the Fosteriana variety Red Emperor, also known as Madame Lefeber. This large flowering variety makes a great companion planted underneath the shrub Forsythia as they both flower together in early April. I also like to combine them with another

Tulip Red Emperor at City Road Allotments

early flowering Fosteriana type Purissima. A large white flower said to be scented. I must have planted a couple of hundred, but I fail to find any with a scent. In fact looking over the bulb catalogues I was impressed by how many were scented, so I tried a scented variety trial. Maybe as you get older your sense of smell diminishes, but I can’t say I was impressed as I failed to find any scent amongst them, but again maybe it depends on the weather. Orange Emperor is another cracker in the Fosteriana range.

Going back to companion planting I have a drift of Doronicum Little Leo flowering in early to mid April with a great show of golden daisy type flowers so I planted some dwarf double Showcase, a deep purple and some red Triumph tulip Isle de France amongst them for colour contrast.

I grow a range of disease resistant (mildew, black spot and rust) roses in a bed for colour in the summer, but like to make this bed attractive in spring so the roses have a mixed batch of dwarf double tulips planted amongst them. The tulips light up the border in April and May then a couple of months later they have gone dormant, and the roses can take over the space unaware that they had competitors at their feet. My favourites are Abba (red), Negrita (purple), Peach Blossom (pink), Showcase (purple), Sun Lover and Monsella (both with yellow with red markings) and Monte Orange (orange.)

Tulips planted in pots and tubs for a spring display together with pansies, wallflower, myosotis, and polyanthus can be planted back in the garden when they are finished as they will continue to flower for years to come. Most tulips left alone for years will slowly multiply and give great value year after year, but give them a boost in spring with some fertiliser to keep them healthy.

City Road Allotment have realised the impact and value for the plot holders as well as the community around the site so we are now mass planting areas at the entrance with tulips, daffodils, snowdrops, aconites and other plants to improve the appearance of our site.

Remove flowers from rhubarb

Jobs to do this week

Remove flowering shoots from rhubarb as they usually like a spring floral flurry, before settling down to producing healthy stems and leaves. If allowed to flower they will put all their energy into seed production at the expense of growth. As the season gets warmer keep them well watered and give a monthly feed to boost growth. Continue to pull sticks throughout the summer.

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A DAY ON THE ALLOTMENT

A DAY ON THE ALLOTMENT

At long last we got a few days of rain which the garden really needed and now we are in a period of dry warm days with cold nights threatening frost so first early potatoes Casablanca, which had pushed through the ground, had to get earthed up for protection. Second early Charlotte was also showing young growth so they got earthed up as well. This is perfect gardening weather which is just as well as the essential seasonal jobs are piling up.

Potting up tomato seedlings

Broad beans and sweet peas got hardened off in mid March and were ready for planting by the end of March. Cabbage, kale, sprouts and cauliflower are now all outdoors in pots getting hardened off for planting in April. These will all need nets to keep pigeons out, collars to prevent attacks of cabbage root fly maggots, and slug pellets as the mild winter has allowed them to survive in great numbers.

Freshly planted broad beans

Club root is kept at bay by using resistant bred varieties, but now I need to experiment with sowing dates to give cropping over a long period with just one variety of each. It is just a pity that these resistant varieties come with no more than twenty seeds per packet and supervision in the pack room must be tight as no-one ever slips in an extra seed. Sowing continued with lettuce, rocket, spring onions, radish, turnips, carrots, beetroot and leeks. The ground was all prepared in winter and left rough so it easily broke down into a fine tilth for good germination. Ground allocated to pumpkins, courgettes and sweet corn which don’t get planted till June has all been sown down with a green manure crop of clover and ryegrass to increase soil fertility. There is plenty time for them to grow, and then a fortnight

Transplanting aconites

before planting they will get trodden down and dug in.

The plot still has a few end of season produce such as overwintered lettuce, chard, leeks, parsnips and Swedes, and in store the Bramley apples, onions and pumpkins are all needing used up. Pumpkins got roasted, made a brilliant soup and added to many other dishes. Stored potatoes suffered too many sprouted shoots due to the mild winter, so many had to get chopped up and composted. Beetroot was also at the end of its season so Anna lifted the last of the roots for a very tasty and healthy beetroot soup. I had left all the beetroot outdoors as I took the chance of getting another mild winter which happily came along so no damage was done.

Weeds have started to grow, but as the soil is quite soft they are easy to hoe, and any big ones pulled out and added to the compost heap.

Sweet corn potted up

Dry weather is becoming the norm so once our allotment site went into April, and the water got turned on, it was just in time to start watering rows of newly planted strawberries plus those under tunnels and the March planted broad beans, spring onions and sweet peas. When the strawberries under tunnels begin to flower lift the polythene to give some ventilation and allow bees access to pollinate the flowers. This also makes it easier for watering.

However the flower borders were still quite moist so clumps of aconites were lifted in the green for transplanting to new locations. Chrysanthemum cuttings were rooted under glass in February due the very mild winter, and

The last of 2018 fruit and vegetables

growth was prolific so there was no shortage of fresh cuttings. They root very easily so after hardening off they were ready for planting out in mid April.

In the greenhouse the tomato seedlings and sweet corn had all germinated and needed potting up.

If we are back into another dry year it is wise to add a mulch of well rotted compost to raspberries, black and redcurrants, gooseberries and rhubarb to preserve moisture.

Wee jobs to do this week

Grafting pears

One large pear tree in the garden was really misbehaving. It decided to push numerous vigorous shoots straight upwards over twenty feet tall and not a flower bud to be seen. So it was a job up the ladder with a saw and loppers. All long shoots devoid of flower buds got the chop and a few large limbs got grafted with other varieties. This pear tree was a Conference and Comice variety that I had added Beurre Hardy and the Christie grafts a few years back, and now I added Concord and Beth. It should make an interesting tree if nothing else.

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SASKATOONS

SASKATOONS

Saskatoons which are also known as Juneberries are relatively unknown in UK and as yet not grown commercially for fruit although a few nurseries

Saskatoon fruit cluster

stock them for sale to the public. However down in Worcester at Pershore Juneberries they are grown on a small scale as a flavour with gin to create the Juneberry Gin Liqueur. The Saskatoon grown for its fruit comes in a range of varieties of the Amelanchier alnifolia. It has been an important source of

Bowl of freshly picked saskatoon berries

food for the Cree and other native North American Indians, who mixed it with grated buffalo meat and fat to form pemmican which was dried and stored for use over the winter months. They also ate it fresh and used it in soups and cakes. The wood was used for arrows, baskets and in the construction of canoes. The Saskatoon bushes grew naturally along the banks of the Saskatchewan River where the town of Saskatoon was established. Early settlers to this area realised its importance and soon it was grown for harvesting the fruit. Breeders began to select the best forms to grow and breed from and soon a range of varieties appeared. In 1878 the first variety, Success appeared, but many years later Smoky and Pembina arrived and got planted extensively. Later on when micro propagation techniques allowed mass production of plants

Saskatoon flowers

other varieties were developed. Smoky was superseded by Thiessen which had larger fruits then Northline, Martin and Honeywood gave cropping over a longer period. Today demand far outweighs production so the growers are expanding to try and catch up. Picking is done commercially by machine in addition to hand picking with those growers who allow pick your own. The black berries are becoming very popular due to the health benefits as the fruit is very high in antioxidants as well as iron, magnesium, potassium and calcium.

In the garden the fruit is picked over a couple of weeks from mid July to early August depending on climate, to eat fresh, used with yoghurt, added to breakfast cereals and it freezes well to be used at any time for smoothes, compote, pies, cakes and makes a great jam, especially with added rhubarb. I also use surplus crop for wines, but lay them down for three years to mature. Young bushes start to crop from two to three years old and can continue cropping for over thirty years. Expect to get about

Saskatoons from suckers

six to ten pounds of fruit from each mature bush.

I came across the Saskatoon fruit on a trip to Canada where we called into a Saskatoon pick your own farm. The fruit was delicious. On returning home I found that they had been growing up at James Hutton Institute for many years but there was very little research done due to lack of demand.

I started growing them fifteen years ago and still have two rows of Smoky and Thiessen planted as two rows seven feet apart with the plants spaced at three feet apart. No pruning is required as the bushes fruit on all wood, but once they get too high to net, then a few tall shoots are cut down to the ground. They grow again very easily. Birds just love them so netting is essential.

They are not troubled much by pests or diseases and will grow on any soil.

In their natural environment in the American North West the plants get a very hard winter so crops here do best after a bad winter. They can be propagated both by seeds and from lifting up a few suckers in winter and potting them up. Seeds extracted from fresh berries (select big ones) require a couple of months in the fridge then kept outdoors over winter for germination in early spring. They grow rapidly so pricking them out in March in small pots, then potting up as they get bigger.

See my Saskatoon notes over the last fifteen years on a special Saskatoon page (find it on my links page) on my website at www.johnstoa.com.

Wee jobs to do this week

The Greenhouse overcrowding can become a problem at this time of year as many plants are started

under glass where it is sheltered and warmer, but then as they grow bigger they need potted up and more space is required. So start hardening off plants as soon as a few mild days form a pattern. Sweet Peas, broad beans, lettuce, spring onion, chrysanthemums and geraniums should now all be outdoors to harden off, but leaving space for the sweet corn, courgettes and pumpkins which are a wee bit more tender.
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DAFFODILS AND NARCISSUS

DAFFODILS AND NARCISSUS

Mixed narcissi

Narcissus Flower Record

April flowers are dominated by daffodils in gardens, local authorities’ parks and open spaces and as cut flower in the home. They are very easy to grow, quite cheap to buy and very versatile as we can all find a spot in the garden that needs brightening up as we leave winter behind. Many years ago when the Britain in Bloom contest was at its most popular, most local authorities competed with each

Narcissus Dick Wilden

other for top place in the contest. Flower impact in open spaces, parks and along highway verges of massed drifts of daffodils and narcissus was crucial to impress the judges, but also to create beauty for locals in towns and villages. Daffodils planted in massive drifts fifty years ago are still there and we reap the benefit every spring when the towns come alive with the yellow flowers. Once planted, they will live forever, as they are fairly free from pests and diseases. In past times when council budgets were under less pressure, allocating funds to enhance the environment was a high priority as locals were proud of the beauty of their locality. Daffodils were planted by the thousand, and numerous organisations got involved in planting their own patch from school kids planting in school grounds and adjacent open spaces, then boy scouts, girl guides, council gardeners and workers on job creation schemes. Organising the planting was easy once the technique was demonstrated by a few gardeners. Using a spade, a turf was cut in three sides and flipped over to allow two bulbs to be

narcissus Cheerfulness

placed in the corners, then the turf was flipped back into place and firmed down with the feet. The next sod was cut about nine inches to a foot away from the last one. However the shape of this drift was marked out to allow grass cutting around the outside of the flowers. After flowering it was normal to leave the foliage to die down before it was cleared off with flail mowers which collected the dead foliage and long grass. Usually six weeks or longer was enough to let the leaves develop and bulk up the bulb for the following season.

In gardens we most often plant amongst deciduous shrub borders, or under trees; perfect for orchards and allotment flower borders. To give the biggest impact it was

Narcissus Replete

normal to plant with the large flowered trumpet daffodils such as King Alfred or Golden Harvest as well as the white flowered and scented Mount Hood. However to get the show off to an early start February Gold was often used as it is often the first to flower, usually in March in Scotland, and even after our mild dry winter it was still March before it appeared.

Daffodils and narcissus have always been very popular for hundreds of years so breeders have introduced new varieties by the thousand. Every year there is a new one that catches your eye so just buy it and plant it.  They are great in tubs and pots for displays at door entrances and patios, then once they finish flowering they can be transplanted to another spot in the garden to flower the next year. I love the scented varieties so I always have some Cheerfulness types as well as the smaller flowered Jonquils. They can also be used in autumn in

Narcissus Sir Winston Churchill

pots to flower indoors in early spring or even late winter.

Daffodils and narcissus however have a darker side as many species contain the alkaloid poison lycorine mostly in the bulb but also in the leaves, so take great care when handling the bulbs.

Dermatitis can also be a problem for flower pickers, packers, florists and gardeners, causing the "daffodil itch", with dryness, fissures, scaling, and erythema in the hands. Of all the alkaloids, only galantamine has made it to therapeutic use in man, as the drug galantamine for Alzheimer’s disease. The daffodil crop is growing in Wales not for the flowers, but for the extraction of galantamine for medicinal use in the treatment of alzheimer’s disease.

Wee jobs to do this week

Greenhouse packed with plants

The greenhouse is now packed out with plants growing strongly, so open the ventilators at every opportunity to harden off plants. Tomatoes in pots will need more room to grow before planting out into borders, pots or growbags once that first flower appears. Broad beans, onions, sweet peas and salads and geraniums can all go outside on a good day, but keep an eye on the weather forecast in case we get a late frost.

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