BUSY SPRING DAYS

 BUSY SPRING DAYS

In my early training years to become a gardener we were taught how to garden by the book. There was a good practise guide for all crops and if you followed it precisely you would get exhibition standard results. No-one told us that only worked

Earthing up potatoes

if the weather was on your side. In them days weather was fairly predictable. Winter ended at the end of March when grass cutting began, it was always cold at Easter, tulips always flowered in May, and summer started at the June bank holiday. Move forward fifty years and you can throw that gardening book away. Everything you do now is dependant on weather which is no longer reliable. Winter and

Nets keep pigeons out

sometimes spring often fail to arrive; then summer starts in early spring followed by a return to winter. Greenhouse plants put out to harden off have often had to go back inside when frost threatens. This year we started off three weeks ahead after a mild winter so working with this idea seed sowing was advanced from the plan, but then it turned colder and the long dry spell came to an end. We are now back into good gardening weather, so sowing, planting, weeding and numerous other gardening tasks are all going ahead at full speed.

Potatoes that had been planted in March are all well through so now earthing up has begun. Some were earthed up a few weeks ago as my earlies, Charlotte and Casablanca pushed through in early April when frost risk was still a threat so they needed to be protected. So far they have been lucky and top growth is excellent so now

Anna checks for gooseberry sawfly damage

we are well into May I keep my fingers crossed.

Dry weather prevailed in early to mid April so watering was necessary over the whole plot. Leeks were very slow to germinate as soil temperatures were still low, and constant watering was necessary. Green manure crops sown ahead of courgettes, pumpkin and sweet corn planting are still very slow to thicken up. Weeds are now trying to make up for lost time. They were slow to get started but now the hoe has been out constantly to keep them in check. Early May is a good time for checking over the gooseberries looking for signs of sawfly damage, so give them an insecticide spray as soon as they appear as they very quickly devour the leaves in a few days.

Early strawberries protected with low polythene tunnels made a lot of growth with plenty flowers so it has been necessary to keep tunnels ventilated to reduce condensation, allow watering and weeding and let bees in to pollinate the flowers.

Young brassicas grown in cellular trays have now all been planted. Clubroot resistant cabbage Kilaton, cauliflower Clapton, sprouts Crispus and kale all got planted into a block that had been composted in early winter then limed a couple of months later. However they are all very prone to

Ventilate strawberry tunnels

pests so collars were put round each one to prevent root fly attacks, netting used to keep out pigeons and cabbage white butterflies. Then slug pellets were scattered around them as slugs and snails all survived the mild winter and are very hungry. Onion Hybound grown from seed in the greenhouse and pricked out into cellular trays were hardened off in mid April and planted out in early May.

An early batch of lettuce Lollo Rossa got planted out as a catch crop in between my two double rows of broad beans as well as in between my block of chrysanthemums. Hopefully this lettuce will be ready for use before the beans and chrysanthemums need the space. The mild winter helped growth on the chrysanthemum stools so I was able to take well over a hundred cuttings from twenty stools. That gave me plenty for myself plus spares to give away. I also planted a row in between two rows of cabbages. The cabbages only grow 18inches so with chrysanthemums growing a lot taller they may well work together. Time will tell.

Apple mildew

This has been a good time to give the compost heap its first turn over, and daffodils, tulips and pansies all get dead headed as spring flowers fade. There’s never a weary moment on the plot.

Wee jobs to do this week

Check over apple trees for mildew and remove any primary infections. Mildew spores over winter on infected buds then in spring the disease emerges and spreads to healthy leaves. At this time of year the infected buds are totally covered in mildew so easy to spot and remove before they spread.

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PLANTS FOR THE SHADE

PLANTS FOR THE SHADE

Bee pollinating flowers of Hydrangea petiolaris

Choosing plants for the garden is usually fairly simple for most areas, but there is always an awkward corner in deep shade from buildings, trees, hedges or fences. These areas can still be made very attractive provided you choose the right plants. Some plants like dry shady areas and others prefer it moist, so do some research before buying in plants.

Prepare the ground by digging over, removing big stones and

Pieris

add some planting compost ahead of planting. Shady corners can be brightened up by planting variegated plants or those with golden, bronze or gray foliage. If the ground has a steep slope controlling weeds could be a problem so choose evergreens which can smother germinating weeds. Dwarf conifers are perfect for these areas and there are plenty to choose from. Thuja Rheingold has golden bronze foliage and does not get too big. Juniperus squamata meyeri is a low growing evergreen with blue foliage and Juniperus pfitzeriana aurea has yellow/green foliage. Both are low and spreading and quite dense so very few weeds will survive with them to compete with. Other evergreen ground cover plants can include the white dead nettle, Lamium White

Euonymous Emerald N Gold

Nancy which can thrive in moist shade. Another for moist shade is the range of gold and silver Hostas, but watch out for slugs which just love the foliage.

For something quite different the black grass Ophiopogon planiscapis nigrescens is worth a try.  For areas with partial shade the London Pride makes a solid ground cover with flowers in May.

Where there is room for some bigger plants try lonicera Baggesons Gold with yellow leaves. It makes a dense bush six feet tall which birds just love to nest in, and for an even bigger bush come small tree the holly will provide berries for winter decoration and also comes in golden and silver variegated forms.

Doronicum with tulips

There are many flowering plants that are shade tolerant and can give some colour to dull areas.

At ground level in late winter there are numerous flowering bulbs that can be used. Snowdrops have always been a favourite and with some early flowering types you can have flowers from mid December onwards if we get more mild winters. Then the winter aconites begin to flower from February to March. Planting bulbs under deciduous trees and under fruit trees can create a lot of interest using those just mentioned, then later on the grape hyacinths, Chionodoxa and Anemone blanda flower in early April, and towards the end of April the bluebells have their moment in the spotlight. Both Daffodils and narcissus types

Ophiopogon Black Grass

can all be used in shady areas and really add colour letting us know the end of winter is here and spring is just round the corner.

There are plenty herbaceous perennials happy growing in shady spots so try some low growing ground cover Bergenias with pink flowers, Doronicums with yellow flowers or some Pulmonarias with blue flowers, and a large range of Primulas with flowers in all colours. As we go into summer a few choice plants could include some red  Astilbe Fanal, yellow Geums and blue Meconopsis, the Himal;ayan Blue Poppy, and for white flowers the Anemone Honorine Jobert is hard to beat.

Coming up the scale there is a wealth of Rhododendrons from low growing to massive tall types as well as Azaleas, Pierris and

Silver Euonymous

Camellias, all providing a terrific show of colour in spring, then in summer Fuchsia Mrs Popple will flower quite happily in the shade.

If you need a plant for shady walls both Hydrangea petiolaris and Pyracantha, the Firethorn, with orange berries in autumn will be quite successful.

If you happen to have a flower bed that suffers a bit of shade use polyanthus and primulas for spring colours together with dwarf tulips, and in summer try bedding fuchsias, tuberous begonias and impatiens, the Busy Lizzie.

Wee jobs to do this week

Harden off plants grown under glass. Onions, geraniums and chrysanthemums were all taking up greenhouse space needed for a couple of rows of tomatoes, so they are now all outdoors taking advantage of the warm Easter weather. However tuberous begonias and Impatiens (Busy Lizzies) are too soft so they will remain under glass for another couple of weeks just in case winter returns.

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TULIPS

TULIPS

May is normally the peak flowering time for tulips, but with our mild winters and early spring, tulips have been in flower since March. This year spring started very early, but then cooler winds from the north arrived and cooled things down for a few weeks.

Mixed tulips in a rose bed

Tulips last a lot longer in these conditions so our extended displays are a bonus, and by using a combination of early season, mid season and late flowering varieties tulips can be flowering for a good couple of months or longer.

Tulip Abba and Sun Lover

At this time of year it is a good idea to assess the impact of the flower display so that it can be enhanced for the following year by adding a few more tulips in the autumn. Where ever I have drifts of tulips I check to see if they can be improved by adding a different colour such as a white, pink or orange amongst a drift of yellow and reds.  It is not hard to find areas in the garden that can be improved by adding tulips. They are very versatile, flowering in spring, then after a couple of months they are ready to go dormant so they don’t interfere with the needs of other plants in the same area. Companion planting can be a great success when the season is in your favour.

Tulip Scarlet Baby with saxifrage

My first tulips to flower are the Kaufmanniana tulip Scarlet Baby planted alongside some lemon yellow saxifrage both flowering together in late March. Sometimes the seasons are not in their favour and one flowers ahead of the other, but when they both come out together it makes a great display in early spring. The next to flower early in the season in late March to early April is the Fosteriana variety Red Emperor, also known as Madame Lefeber. This large flowering variety makes a great companion planted underneath the shrub Forsythia as they both flower together in early April. I also like to combine them with another

Tulip Red Emperor at City Road Allotments

early flowering Fosteriana type Purissima. A large white flower said to be scented. I must have planted a couple of hundred, but I fail to find any with a scent. In fact looking over the bulb catalogues I was impressed by how many were scented, so I tried a scented variety trial. Maybe as you get older your sense of smell diminishes, but I can’t say I was impressed as I failed to find any scent amongst them, but again maybe it depends on the weather. Orange Emperor is another cracker in the Fosteriana range.

Going back to companion planting I have a drift of Doronicum Little Leo flowering in early to mid April with a great show of golden daisy type flowers so I planted some dwarf double Showcase, a deep purple and some red Triumph tulip Isle de France amongst them for colour contrast.

I grow a range of disease resistant (mildew, black spot and rust) roses in a bed for colour in the summer, but like to make this bed attractive in spring so the roses have a mixed batch of dwarf double tulips planted amongst them. The tulips light up the border in April and May then a couple of months later they have gone dormant, and the roses can take over the space unaware that they had competitors at their feet. My favourites are Abba (red), Negrita (purple), Peach Blossom (pink), Showcase (purple), Sun Lover and Monsella (both with yellow with red markings) and Monte Orange (orange.)

Tulips planted in pots and tubs for a spring display together with pansies, wallflower, myosotis, and polyanthus can be planted back in the garden when they are finished as they will continue to flower for years to come. Most tulips left alone for years will slowly multiply and give great value year after year, but give them a boost in spring with some fertiliser to keep them healthy.

City Road Allotment have realised the impact and value for the plot holders as well as the community around the site so we are now mass planting areas at the entrance with tulips, daffodils, snowdrops, aconites and other plants to improve the appearance of our site.

Remove flowers from rhubarb

Jobs to do this week

Remove flowering shoots from rhubarb as they usually like a spring floral flurry, before settling down to producing healthy stems and leaves. If allowed to flower they will put all their energy into seed production at the expense of growth. As the season gets warmer keep them well watered and give a monthly feed to boost growth. Continue to pull sticks throughout the summer.

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A DAY ON THE ALLOTMENT

A DAY ON THE ALLOTMENT

At long last we got a few days of rain which the garden really needed and now we are in a period of dry warm days with cold nights threatening frost so first early potatoes Casablanca, which had pushed through the ground, had to get earthed up for protection. Second early Charlotte was also showing young growth so they got earthed up as well. This is perfect gardening weather which is just as well as the essential seasonal jobs are piling up.

Potting up tomato seedlings

Broad beans and sweet peas got hardened off in mid March and were ready for planting by the end of March. Cabbage, kale, sprouts and cauliflower are now all outdoors in pots getting hardened off for planting in April. These will all need nets to keep pigeons out, collars to prevent attacks of cabbage root fly maggots, and slug pellets as the mild winter has allowed them to survive in great numbers.

Freshly planted broad beans

Club root is kept at bay by using resistant bred varieties, but now I need to experiment with sowing dates to give cropping over a long period with just one variety of each. It is just a pity that these resistant varieties come with no more than twenty seeds per packet and supervision in the pack room must be tight as no-one ever slips in an extra seed. Sowing continued with lettuce, rocket, spring onions, radish, turnips, carrots, beetroot and leeks. The ground was all prepared in winter and left rough so it easily broke down into a fine tilth for good germination. Ground allocated to pumpkins, courgettes and sweet corn which don’t get planted till June has all been sown down with a green manure crop of clover and ryegrass to increase soil fertility. There is plenty time for them to grow, and then a fortnight

Transplanting aconites

before planting they will get trodden down and dug in.

The plot still has a few end of season produce such as overwintered lettuce, chard, leeks, parsnips and Swedes, and in store the Bramley apples, onions and pumpkins are all needing used up. Pumpkins got roasted, made a brilliant soup and added to many other dishes. Stored potatoes suffered too many sprouted shoots due to the mild winter, so many had to get chopped up and composted. Beetroot was also at the end of its season so Anna lifted the last of the roots for a very tasty and healthy beetroot soup. I had left all the beetroot outdoors as I took the chance of getting another mild winter which happily came along so no damage was done.

Weeds have started to grow, but as the soil is quite soft they are easy to hoe, and any big ones pulled out and added to the compost heap.

Sweet corn potted up

Dry weather is becoming the norm so once our allotment site went into April, and the water got turned on, it was just in time to start watering rows of newly planted strawberries plus those under tunnels and the March planted broad beans, spring onions and sweet peas. When the strawberries under tunnels begin to flower lift the polythene to give some ventilation and allow bees access to pollinate the flowers. This also makes it easier for watering.

However the flower borders were still quite moist so clumps of aconites were lifted in the green for transplanting to new locations. Chrysanthemum cuttings were rooted under glass in February due the very mild winter, and

The last of 2018 fruit and vegetables

growth was prolific so there was no shortage of fresh cuttings. They root very easily so after hardening off they were ready for planting out in mid April.

In the greenhouse the tomato seedlings and sweet corn had all germinated and needed potting up.

If we are back into another dry year it is wise to add a mulch of well rotted compost to raspberries, black and redcurrants, gooseberries and rhubarb to preserve moisture.

Wee jobs to do this week

Grafting pears

One large pear tree in the garden was really misbehaving. It decided to push numerous vigorous shoots straight upwards over twenty feet tall and not a flower bud to be seen. So it was a job up the ladder with a saw and loppers. All long shoots devoid of flower buds got the chop and a few large limbs got grafted with other varieties. This pear tree was a Conference and Comice variety that I had added Beurre Hardy and the Christie grafts a few years back, and now I added Concord and Beth. It should make an interesting tree if nothing else.

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SASKATOONS

SASKATOONS

Saskatoons which are also known as Juneberries are relatively unknown in UK and as yet not grown commercially for fruit although a few nurseries

Saskatoon fruit cluster

stock them for sale to the public. However down in Worcester at Pershore Juneberries they are grown on a small scale as a flavour with gin to create the Juneberry Gin Liqueur. The Saskatoon grown for its fruit comes in a range of varieties of the Amelanchier alnifolia. It has been an important source of

Bowl of freshly picked saskatoon berries

food for the Cree and other native North American Indians, who mixed it with grated buffalo meat and fat to form pemmican which was dried and stored for use over the winter months. They also ate it fresh and used it in soups and cakes. The wood was used for arrows, baskets and in the construction of canoes. The Saskatoon bushes grew naturally along the banks of the Saskatchewan River where the town of Saskatoon was established. Early settlers to this area realised its importance and soon it was grown for harvesting the fruit. Breeders began to select the best forms to grow and breed from and soon a range of varieties appeared. In 1878 the first variety, Success appeared, but many years later Smoky and Pembina arrived and got planted extensively. Later on when micro propagation techniques allowed mass production of plants

Saskatoon flowers

other varieties were developed. Smoky was superseded by Thiessen which had larger fruits then Northline, Martin and Honeywood gave cropping over a longer period. Today demand far outweighs production so the growers are expanding to try and catch up. Picking is done commercially by machine in addition to hand picking with those growers who allow pick your own. The black berries are becoming very popular due to the health benefits as the fruit is very high in antioxidants as well as iron, magnesium, potassium and calcium.

In the garden the fruit is picked over a couple of weeks from mid July to early August depending on climate, to eat fresh, used with yoghurt, added to breakfast cereals and it freezes well to be used at any time for smoothes, compote, pies, cakes and makes a great jam, especially with added rhubarb. I also use surplus crop for wines, but lay them down for three years to mature. Young bushes start to crop from two to three years old and can continue cropping for over thirty years. Expect to get about

Saskatoons from suckers

six to ten pounds of fruit from each mature bush.

I came across the Saskatoon fruit on a trip to Canada where we called into a Saskatoon pick your own farm. The fruit was delicious. On returning home I found that they had been growing up at James Hutton Institute for many years but there was very little research done due to lack of demand.

I started growing them fifteen years ago and still have two rows of Smoky and Thiessen planted as two rows seven feet apart with the plants spaced at three feet apart. No pruning is required as the bushes fruit on all wood, but once they get too high to net, then a few tall shoots are cut down to the ground. They grow again very easily. Birds just love them so netting is essential.

They are not troubled much by pests or diseases and will grow on any soil.

In their natural environment in the American North West the plants get a very hard winter so crops here do best after a bad winter. They can be propagated both by seeds and from lifting up a few suckers in winter and potting them up. Seeds extracted from fresh berries (select big ones) require a couple of months in the fridge then kept outdoors over winter for germination in early spring. They grow rapidly so pricking them out in March in small pots, then potting up as they get bigger.

See my Saskatoon notes over the last fifteen years on a special Saskatoon page (find it on my links page) on my website at www.johnstoa.com.

Wee jobs to do this week

The Greenhouse overcrowding can become a problem at this time of year as many plants are started

under glass where it is sheltered and warmer, but then as they grow bigger they need potted up and more space is required. So start hardening off plants as soon as a few mild days form a pattern. Sweet Peas, broad beans, lettuce, spring onion, chrysanthemums and geraniums should now all be outdoors to harden off, but leaving space for the sweet corn, courgettes and pumpkins which are a wee bit more tender.
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DAFFODILS AND NARCISSUS

DAFFODILS AND NARCISSUS

Mixed narcissi

Narcissus Flower Record

April flowers are dominated by daffodils in gardens, local authorities’ parks and open spaces and as cut flower in the home. They are very easy to grow, quite cheap to buy and very versatile as we can all find a spot in the garden that needs brightening up as we leave winter behind. Many years ago when the Britain in Bloom contest was at its most popular, most local authorities competed with each

Narcissus Dick Wilden

other for top place in the contest. Flower impact in open spaces, parks and along highway verges of massed drifts of daffodils and narcissus was crucial to impress the judges, but also to create beauty for locals in towns and villages. Daffodils planted in massive drifts fifty years ago are still there and we reap the benefit every spring when the towns come alive with the yellow flowers. Once planted, they will live forever, as they are fairly free from pests and diseases. In past times when council budgets were under less pressure, allocating funds to enhance the environment was a high priority as locals were proud of the beauty of their locality. Daffodils were planted by the thousand, and numerous organisations got involved in planting their own patch from school kids planting in school grounds and adjacent open spaces, then boy scouts, girl guides, council gardeners and workers on job creation schemes. Organising the planting was easy once the technique was demonstrated by a few gardeners. Using a spade, a turf was cut in three sides and flipped over to allow two bulbs to be

narcissus Cheerfulness

placed in the corners, then the turf was flipped back into place and firmed down with the feet. The next sod was cut about nine inches to a foot away from the last one. However the shape of this drift was marked out to allow grass cutting around the outside of the flowers. After flowering it was normal to leave the foliage to die down before it was cleared off with flail mowers which collected the dead foliage and long grass. Usually six weeks or longer was enough to let the leaves develop and bulk up the bulb for the following season.

In gardens we most often plant amongst deciduous shrub borders, or under trees; perfect for orchards and allotment flower borders. To give the biggest impact it was

Narcissus Replete

normal to plant with the large flowered trumpet daffodils such as King Alfred or Golden Harvest as well as the white flowered and scented Mount Hood. However to get the show off to an early start February Gold was often used as it is often the first to flower, usually in March in Scotland, and even after our mild dry winter it was still March before it appeared.

Daffodils and narcissus have always been very popular for hundreds of years so breeders have introduced new varieties by the thousand. Every year there is a new one that catches your eye so just buy it and plant it.  They are great in tubs and pots for displays at door entrances and patios, then once they finish flowering they can be transplanted to another spot in the garden to flower the next year. I love the scented varieties so I always have some Cheerfulness types as well as the smaller flowered Jonquils. They can also be used in autumn in

Narcissus Sir Winston Churchill

pots to flower indoors in early spring or even late winter.

Daffodils and narcissus however have a darker side as many species contain the alkaloid poison lycorine mostly in the bulb but also in the leaves, so take great care when handling the bulbs.

Dermatitis can also be a problem for flower pickers, packers, florists and gardeners, causing the "daffodil itch", with dryness, fissures, scaling, and erythema in the hands. Of all the alkaloids, only galantamine has made it to therapeutic use in man, as the drug galantamine for Alzheimer’s disease. The daffodil crop is growing in Wales not for the flowers, but for the extraction of galantamine for medicinal use in the treatment of alzheimer’s disease.

Wee jobs to do this week

Greenhouse packed with plants

The greenhouse is now packed out with plants growing strongly, so open the ventilators at every opportunity to harden off plants. Tomatoes in pots will need more room to grow before planting out into borders, pots or growbags once that first flower appears. Broad beans, onions, sweet peas and salads and geraniums can all go outside on a good day, but keep an eye on the weather forecast in case we get a late frost.

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BUSY SPRING DAYS

BUSY SPRING DAYS

It sounded like a good idea at the time. The mild winter and warm dry spring gave the garden plants a great boost. Crocus was a good three weeks ahead of last year and the bees in large numbers were having a great time. So I ran with the good times and sowed seeds and planted potatoes three weeks ahead of my planned seed sowing schedule.

Planting Mayan Gold potatoes

However, now in the middle of March numerous jobs are piling up. Windowsills are bursting at the seams, but winter has returned for a few more days and many of my young plants need the warmth so I cannot transfer them to the unheated greenhouse. Tomatoes got pricked out into cellular trays and

Tares and clover green manure

are now happy on the windowsills. Tuberous begonias in deep polystyrene boxes are still indoors but really need to go into the greenhouse and get spaced out into more boxes as they can grow quite large before they are ready for outdoor planting. Bizzie Lizzies grown from cuttings last autumn have grown into large plants in full flower so they remain indoors as house plants. Later on I will take more cuttings from them to grow into small plants for hanging baskets.

Broad beans and onion seedlings

The snowdrops and aconites put on a great show early on, but now is a great time to transplant some “in the green” up at City Road Allotments flower border. Aconites are getting ready to disperse their seeds so these get carefully gathered up to sow in new locations.

A start has been made to weeding as speedwells and sticky willy are now germinating. These are usually the first weeds to grow after winter and this year they are ahead of the game.

Anna planting snowdrops in the green

Strawberries perked up with the mild winter so one row of Honeoye got covered with a low polythene tunnel, which should advance cropping by about three weeks. On sunny days the temperature can rise, so raise the polythene a little to ventilate the row to keep the strawberries from over heating. Strawberries under tunnels can dry out faster than those in the open so keep them watered. On rainy days it helps to pull back the polythene to let them have a good soaking.

Early potato (Casablanca) and second early (Charlotte) got planted at the end of February and now the maincrop potatoes (Mayan Gold and Maris Piper) can go in. I take out a deep furrow, line it with well rotted garden compost then plant the seed potatoes into this before covering up and dusting the rows with some potato fertiliser.

Now is a good time to sow green manure on land allocated for courgettes, pumpkin and sweet corn as these do not get planted for at least another couple of months. Tares, rye grass and clover all grow

Saskatoon seedlings

very fast giving a lot of foliage to turn in and the roots really break up the soil, penetrating quite deep. It is a great way of adding fertility to the soil. I avoid mustard green manure as it can carry over the clubroot disease of all brassicas including radish and rocket.

Seed sowing outdoors can now begin with leeks, lettuce, radish, spring onions and rocket. Some of these can go in between rows of sprouts, cabbage, kale and cauliflower which take a bit of time to grow over the ground. You can also use salads grown under glass which are well on and may only need a few weeks before you start to crop them.

The greenhouse is just as busy as existing plants begin to grow and new ones such as sweet corn and all the brassicas get sown. Lettuce and saskatoons sown earlier are all big enough to prick out into cellular trays. Broad beans, sweet peas and onions have now all germinated so they need pricking out into larger pots and give them room to grow on.

Wee jobs to do this week

Taking geranium cuttings

Take more geranium cuttings. Cuttings taken last autumn were rooted in cellular trays on a windowsill then potted up singly into three inch pots in winter. These have been growing strongly and many have been potted up into five inch pots. It helps to remove the tops to encourage the plant to branch out, and these tops can be used as cuttings. Now we are heading into spring looking for warmer weather these later cuttings will grow fast, so before they get too tall take their tips out to produce a well branched stocky plant. Use those tops as more cuttings. Remove flowers as they appear so the plant can concentrate on growing.

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PLAN THE SUMMER FLOWERS

PLAN THE SUMMER FLOWERS

Although the spring flowers are just getting started we still need to look ahead to a plan of action to make sure the summer flowers will put on a great show. Gardening is a continuous activity and a lot of work is usually involved well ahead of flowering.

Early border chrysanthemums

Tubs and hanging baskets are planted up with geraniums, marigolds, Busy Lizzies, petunias, nemesia, lobelia, fuchsias and tuberous begonias. Many of these plants are annuals grown from seed in early spring, but some (geraniums and Busy Lizzies) are also perennials retained over winter from autumn cuttings, rooted, then grown on a sunny windowsill over the winter months. The tuberous begonias are retained year after year by drying off in autumn and stored in a frost free shed, but brought back into growth from early March in a warm place. At this time of year nurseries and garden centres are full of summer bedding plants so a good selection is always available.

I make up my summer hanging baskets in April, but keep them in a sunny sheltered spot on the ground to establish before they get hung up. My spring flowering hanging baskets full of pansies like to keep flowering well into summer so at some point these come down so I can put up the summer flowering baskets, but I always find a spot for the pansies to brighten up a dull area for another couple of months. Any spare plants are planted where ever I see a bare patch, usually after removing some shrubs that have gone past their sell by date, overgrown their allocated space, or just died. Outdoor

Purple peony

fuchsias can die out after a bad winter as well as Ceanothus.

This is a good time to visit nurseries and garden centres to see plants in flower, as it is hard to imagine colours from a catalogue. Rhododendrons, azaleas and Camellias can all be found in flower to make selection easier. Buying in some new shrub roses, bush or climbing roses will need to wait a bit longer, but as they are mostly container grown this is no problem. My climbing rose Mme Alfred Carrier had been scheduled for a winter removal as it had out grown its tall supporting fence by putting on massively long shoots reaching up to overhead telephone lines and blocking paths nearby. However it is such a beauty, that I could not dig it out, so it got a severe pruning and a verbal warning to behave itself or it would get the chop next year. That usually works.

Check young shoots on roses as the mild winter has allowed greenfly an early start and I see them beginning to make themselves at home on fresh young growth.

The herbaceous border will soon come alive with Oriental poppies, Delphiniums, flag iris, lilies, peonies, phlox and mine is bordered with pinks,

Garden Pinks

Verbena and Shasta daisies as the border is up a bank retained by a three foot high wall. Weeds are now getting organised so sharpen up the hoe and let the war commence.

Summer hanging basket

As the soil surface is beginning to dry up and warm up this is a good time to sow annuals. Poppies, godetia, candytuft, clarkia, cornflower and numerous more will all grow fast and put on a great show for summer. They flower best on poorer soils, so no need to add compost or manure to annual borders, but prepare the surface by raking to a good tilth to achieve a decent germination. Once the seeds germinate and begin to grow they will most likely need thinning some of which can be used as transplants.

Gladioli, chrysanthemums, and sweet peas all make brilliant cut flower for the house as well as adding a splash of colour to the garden and allotment, and these can now get planted out. Gladioli corms retained from last year can be supplemented by buying in a few more colours to add variety.

Wee jobs to do this week

The coloured stem winter border has brightened up the garden since autumn, but now crocus and tulips planted in between the shrubs need room to

Winter border

flower so it is time to cut back the Cornus, and willow to ground level. They are very tough so grow up again quite quickly. I also grow Kerria japonica and the Japanese maple, Acer Sango Kaku, but they do not get cut back. Just tidy up any straggling shoots from the maple, and prune old flowering shoots from the Kerria after flowering in late spring but leaving any strong young shoots which will flower next year.

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TOMATOES

TOMATOES

Home grown tomatoes will always be so much better than those purchased from the supermarket. They are not exposed to chemicals to keep them pest and disease free, and we let them fully ripen before picking. Picking a fully ripe cherry tomato fresh from the plant for immediate consumption is a wee taste of heaven, and in mid summer when

Feeding the tomatoes

we are picking bumper yields there are always a few cherry tomatoes that split, so we may not want to spoil the look of our harvest, and not wishing to waste a good tomato so we just eat as we pick and enjoy the moment.

Having grown tomatoes annually for nearly sixty years I have tried out borders, pots, growbags, ring culture and straw bales, which were popular for about ten years in the mid sixties. Flavour has been best for me when grown direct into a prepared soil border which I put down to the tomato plant having a great growing medium and access to plenty of every type of nutrient it needs. In past times this was normal commercial practise, but each winter the soil was sterilised with steam to kill all

Healthy young tomato plants

disease spores. Sometimes chemical sterilisation with chloropicrin was used so that the main problem disease verticillium wilt spores were killed. I have no access to either so I have to remove six inches of border soil and replace it with good garden soil to which I add well rotted compost then mix a few bags of compost from growbags into the surface plus some additional fertiliser as tomatoes are gross feeders. This may be a wee bit of strenuous exercise but for people of a certain age we are told it is good for us, and in any case it is on a small scale, taking about two days.

Seed sowing for this part of Scotland may depend on whether you have greenhouse heating or not and if you have access to a decent windowsill. I normally sow my seed first week in March but this year with a warm winter they were sown in the middle of February, hoping the good weather continues. This year I am trying out a range of cherry tomatoes so I do not need a lot of plants in total. Just as well as the packets had only ten seeds each. Been your normal tight Scotsman the plan is to sow half the packet and keep the rest for next year so I am counting on getting 100% germination. A couple of weeks

Summer harvest

later they all germinated apart from one seed. This gets the highest rating in Scotland of No Bad!!!

It is important to grow on plants with good light and a decent temperature to keep them sturdy. Plants are ready to plant out in early April, but plus or minus a couple of weeks depending on the weather. I space plants out about 18 inches apart along the border which is two feet wide. If you use growbags these are usually placed end to end with three plants per bag. Always shake up the compost in the bag before planting. If you have any spare plants it is always worth trying a few outdoors against a south facing wall or fence in a sheltered place.

Outdoor tomatoes

Tomatoes are grown as a single stemmed cordon and sideshoots are removed as soon as they are big enough to break off. I suspend strong polypropylene binder twine from strong wires along the roof and twist the plant around the twine as they grow taller.

Varieties This year I will again grow my favourite Alicante as my main crop but am trying a few cherry types such as Sungold, Cherry Baby, Rapunzel, Sugar Gloss and Supersweet 100. I have dropped Marmande a beefsteak type, which was a very poor cropper, though I have heard others getting good crops. I also dropped Yellow Delight which gave a massive crop, but with poor flavour and the plants were so vigorous they took over space from others nearby.

Wee jobs to do this week

Broad beans ready to plant

Up on City Road allotments some plot holders have been taking advantage of the mild winter and run ahead with broad bean sowing and planting out. I started sowing a fortnight ahead of last year and now germination has taken place I have potted up my seedlings into larger pots to give them more feeding and space to grow. They are quite hardy so they have been moved from the warmth of a south facing windowsill in a warm room into my unheated greenhouse. However if winter decided to make a last stand I have a greenhouse heater at the ready.

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