MARVELOUS MAPLES

MARVELOUS MAPLES

Maple trees are probably the most widely planted trees in UK. The Romans get the blame of bringing over the sycamore which has naturalised itself and can be quite a weed nuisance. They all grow very well in our soils and just love our climate so are very favoured in Parks, country estates, woodland fringes and shelterbelts, highway street avenues and gardens. The smallest are used in bonsai culture producing brilliant miniature specimens but still retaining their dazzling autumn colour. The field maple, Acer campestre and many forms of Japanese maple, Acer palmatum are often selected for bonsai.

Larger specimens include the sycamore, Norway maple, sugar maple and silver maple. These maples are extensively grown in Canada where their autumn colour is legendary. The sugar maple, Acer saccharum is used for maple syrup as the sap has a high sugar content. The sap is extracted by tapping with a tube just under the bark and collecting it in containers. However it contains a lot of water which has to be boiled off. It takes 40 litres of sap to produce one litre of syrup, thus it is not a cheap product, but very tasty.

Medium sized specimens include numerous types of Japanese maples and those grown for their ornamental bark. Most have fantastic autumn colour, some brilliant spring foliage and some very colourful young shoots in spring.

Maples for large gardens and parks

The sycamore, field maple and Norway maple are very common everywhere but both the silver maple, Acer saccharinum and sugar maple, Acer saccharum are well worth planting, but my favourite is Acer cappadocicum rubrum which has scarlet shoots in spring as well as brilliant autumn colour. Another excellent large maple is the red maple Acer rubrum with fiery scarlet foliage in autumn.

Many of the large maples have columnar forms which can be used in smaller gardens.

Smaller maples grown for their ornamental bark include Acer grosseri hersii known as the snake bark maple with green and white stripes up the trunk. Another small maple grown for its pink and white striped bark has the unfortunate name of Acer pensylvanicum erythrocladum, though better known as the Coral Striped maple. The paper bark maple Acer griseum, with flaky cinnamon coloured bark has scarlet crimson leaves in autumn.

Maples for the smaller garden

There is a small popular sycamore, Acer psuedoplatanus Brilliantissimum which has outstanding shrimp pink foliage in spring, but then it slowly greens up and is a lot less attractive.

However Japan has given us hundreds of varieties of dwarf maples suited to every garden, though by no means a cheap plant. Spring leaves vary from pale green to golden and maroon, but in autumn they turn golden, orange, scarlet and deep crimson. Most are varieties of Acer japonica or palmatum with my favourite the older form of Sango Kaku the coral bark maple. This form has very attractive foliage all summer which goes deep golden in autumn before falling to reveal fiery scarlet stems which retain their colour all winter.

Plant of the week

Scented Jasmines. In the garden we grow the yellow winter flowering Jasminum nudiflorum which can be a vigorous climber. However for the sheltered garden the summer flowering Jasminum officinale is very welcome with small white but very attractive and highly scented flowers. It is also a vigorous climber, and can be quite hardy in most winters, but unfortunately a very hard winter can kill it.  At this time of year the shops and garden centres have plenty of the scented pot plant, Jasminum polyanthum. It has pink buds that open into starry white flowers with a heavenly perfume. It is often twined around a small basket and although sold as a small plant it will grow a lot bigger in time. Jasmines are very easy to propagate from cuttings or layering.

Painting of the month

Dighty Burn at Downfield is a winter landscape showing Dundee’s Dighty Burn from Downfield looking up past Pitempton Farm towards Bridgefoot. It was a very relevant scene to paint for me as I was born in that area where, in early childhood, we would go to roll our Easter egg, before people discovered the Den O Mains. Camperdown Park is now the in place at Easter, so it has been captured on canvas as well.

These paintings and many others can be seen in my studio at Menzieshill Road, Dundee in my Winter Exhibition running from today till Sunday 8^th December, open every day from 11am to 5pm.

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LATE FLOWERS

LATE FLOWERS

Now the leaves are off the trees, and frost and snow are regular occurrences it would seem that winter has started. However in the garden not all the plants have gone dormant. We might not be getting the impact of  massed flowers, but it is great to see the late autumn and winter flowers appear on those very hardy plants.

Then indoors we can still enjoy flowering pop plants popular for the Christmas and winter market.

Some we can grow ourselves, but others are bought in from garden centres already starting to flower.

Outdoor flowers

The yellow flowered winter jasmine is always very reliable and makes an excellent climber bursting into flower all winter whenever we get a run of sunny days. It can grow on any wall or fence facing any direction, though I find it most profuse on a south facing fence with more sunshine.

Both Viburnum bodnantes Dawn and Viburnum fragrans continue to flower in early winter when a few days of sunny weather opens up the sweetly scented pink flowers.

Summer flowering fuchsias such as Swingtime and the hardy outdoor Mrs Popple and Snowcap are continuing to flower even after several days of light frosts. Swingtime is only half hardy and growing in a tub so it will soon be coming into the greenhouse to dry off and over winter, but the others are quite mature, hardy and settled into the garden. They may die back a wee bit, but come spring they burst back into life.

The pink flowering Nerine bowdenii are at their best in mid autumn, but my small clump is continuing to flower as we go into winter. They like a poor well drained soil in a sunny position. Bulbs should be planted with the tops at soil level, but give them a mulch in the first year to protect them from frost. Once established, leave them alone as they prefer to form dense clumps for best flowering.

Indoor flowers

The Christmas market is popular for house plants as gifts so we are usually spoiled for choice.

Bowls of prepared scented hyacinths are always favourite and nearly everyone gets a poinsettia at some time, but the phalaenopsis orchid is fast becoming the popular up market choice for living rooms, kitchens and bathroom as long as the light levels are good, but no direct sunshine for these rain forest exotics. Our favourite at this time of year has always been the zygocactus or Christmas cactus flowering in late November to mid December in a wide range of colours. It spends most of its life kept dry in a sunny windowsill, but when buds start to appear in autumn it gets watered and looked after while flowering. After flowering, stop watering as it needs a rest for about four months. Once it wants to grow again in spring start watering then give it some feeding to encourage good growth. However by mid summer it needs a rest again to build up strength for flowering in winter.

 

Amaryllis, the hippeastrum is another plant with a demanding regime if you want repeat flowering every year. Fresh new bulbs can be potted up from autumn to mid winter and will flower about three months later. New bulbs will already have a flower bulb ready to emerge in the first year. Plant the bulbs in ordinary compost in pots with the top of the bulb above soil level. The flower should appear before the leaves, but sometimes they all come together. Keep them in a warm sunny room near or on the window sill. After flowering keep them growing and give them feeding to encourage strong growth. Towards the end of summer stop watering to dry off the plant so the bulb can rest and form a flower in its dormant stage. However they prefer to flower when completely pot bound so often don’t give much flowers in the second year as they are still growing at the expense of flowers. By the third year you should have a flower pot with several large bulbs and a completely root bound plant. It will now be very happy and should give you several flower spikes.

Another couple of excellent plants to continue flowering before Christmas is impatiens, the Busy Lizzie and geraniums. Cuttings from beds and hanging baskets can be taken at the end of summer and root very easily. Pot these up and grow them on to flower in a few weeks time.

Plant of the week

Blue orchid is the latest flower to hit the headlines and demand for this plant has been huge as it is the very first blue colour in an orchid. Apart from delphiniums, meconopsis, pansies and a selection of other plants, blue flowers are not all that common. Breeders and growers would love to get a true blue rose, hydrangea or tulip, and have now turned their attention to the phalaenopsis orchid.

This is one of the most popular and easy to grow orchids.

However this rich blue orchid colour is not natural, it is created by injecting dye into the flower stem and will only last for one year. The orchid will revert to white the following year. The technique is patented and the dye is not available to the public.

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AUTUMN IN THE GARDEN

AUTUMN IN THE GARDEN

Autumn is rapidly coming to an end and winter will follow on pretty quickly, so with this cheery thought we must make sure we are up with events around the garden before wet weather puts a stop to our plans. I always keep an eye on weather forecasts and get outdoors whenever there is a few dry sunny days. Priorities are removing any weeds before the end of the season, raking up leaves for the compost heap and cracking on with the winter digging incorporating heaps of compost for next years plants that prefer good feeding.

Flowers

Finish off any planting of spring flowering plants as well as bulbs. Every year I buy in new tulip bulbs for my spring bedding displays, but there is always fifty or more good bulbs left over from the previous bedding so I find an empty patch somewhere to plant them and increase the spring show.

This week I have removed another two shrub roses, devastated by the fungus disease blackspot. They were replaced by four hardy outdoor fuchsias Mrs Popple which is very reliable and gets covered in a mass of flowers from summer till the end of November. My existing bushes are still in full flower in spite of four nights of frosts. As the young bushes are quite small the ground around them got my spare tulips so I am guaranteed a good display.

Some rose bushes continue to flower provided they get a few sunny but cold days. Oshima bought from Cockers about ten years ago is a bright red tough rose that just will not go dormant.

Gladioli and chrysanthemums are now finished so can be dug up. The chrysanthemums get labelled and boxed up for over wintering in the cold greenhouse, but the gladioli get dried off and stored under a bench in my frost free garage. Tuberous begonias are also drying off for winter storage.

Fruit

All my apples are now picked, sorted, cleaned and boxed up for storing in the garage. After finishing off the Discovery, Red Devil, a deep red dessert apple was next for the table, while Fiesta gets a few weeks storage to sweeten up. One tree of Fiesta gave me 43lbs of apples but as it has a biennial tendency I probably won’t get such a heavy crop next year. Red Falstaff was picked in early November, and also gave me a very heavy crop. Finally in mid November I picked the culinary Bramley apples which then got sorted, cleaned and stored.

Windfalls, damaged and small apples are retained for immediate use or wine brewing, which this year will give me at least six demijohns of brew.

Autumn raspberries are now finished, though if you get a few days of sunny weather you will always get a wee worthwhile picking.

Greenhouse grape Black Hamburg continues to ripen and supply us with huge black sweet and very juicy grapes. Outdoor Brant grapes are also continuing to ripen up as the plant takes on its autumn colours. Outdoor grape vines planted in spring have put on excellent growth, with Regent reaching the top of my allotment shed.

Vegetables

Autumn salads are in plentiful supply both outdoors and in my cold greenhouse.

Anna has just created a brilliant soup from the first of my Pumpkins which may look like huge orange courgettes or marrows, but once cut open the texture was clearly of a pumpkin appearance. However I will not be saving any seed this time after last years home saved pumpkin seed was definitely influenced by close proximity to some courgettes.

Its been another fantastic year for beetroot, so soups, boiled and roasted savouries, beetroot risotto, chutney and beetroot chocolate brownies, will all be on the menu courtesy of an excellent beetroot cookery book just published by Christopher Trotter.

Cabbage, Swedes, leeks, parsnips, sprouts and kale will give us fresh supplies for months to come as they have all had a great year.

Plant of the week

Cape gooseberry Physalis edulis has been cropping in my greenhouse since early October, but does need a few dry sunny days to ripen up. I have allowed it to take over the space previously occupied by tomatoes which have now been removed. Prune out side shoots as they develop so the plant can concentrate on swelling up the young fruits in their protective lanterns. I keep trying them outdoors on a south facing fence, but as yet there is just not enough global warming on City Road allotments.

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A BLAZE OF AUTUMN COLOUR

A BLAZE OF AUTUMN COLOUR

It is good to see an excellent year go out in a blaze of colour. Deciduous trees, shrubs and ground cover have all gone into there final flurry of colour before winter arrives. Although summer could not have been better, autumn was not as warm and sunny as we had hoped for, so foliage colour is good but has been better. However colour can still be found in the wealth of berries from rowans to cotoneaster, rose hips, pyracantha and snowberry. Pyracantha can be grown as a free standing large shrub or trained against a wall or fence where it is perfectly happy with some spur pruning to keep it in bounds. It is fine on a north facing wall where it turns bright red in autumn and early winter as it covers itself in orange and red berries. Then the many forms of cotoneaster will create a mass of red berries on evergreen bushes from the tall Cotoneaster frigidus to the ground cover dammeri.

Hopefully this display will last well into winter, only being reduced as our wild birds enjoy their winter food supply. Reports of reduced blackbird numbers have been echoed around my garden as I have not had any problem this year with loss of outdoor grapes as my local blackie devours the crop as fast as he can. He has been absent, and as yet not replaced with any of his young family. Thus this year I have three and a half demijohns of Brant grape wine brewing happily from a very vigorous yeast.

This year has been brilliant for berries on nearly all plants.

However as winter sets in, remaining berries on rowans and cotoneasters are often rapidly lost as hoards of waxwings arrive from the continent and gobble their way up north devouring every berry in sight.

My rowan Joseph Rock is absolutely covered on large bunches of bright yellow berries to be admired for a few months as local birds prefer red berries. However those waxwings are not too fussy about colour. Some shrubs such as the snowberry, Symphoricarpos albus with white tinged pink berries and Pernettya with pink, white and mauve berries are largely ignored as a food supply for birds. These bushes remain an attractive garden feature all winter, though by early March when all the other berries are gone the birds have little

choice but to go for these remaining ones.

The arrival of autumn is usually first seen on maples and horse chestnut trees, then rowans, with ash usually the last to colour up. Beech trees have both size and brilliant colour, and although birch may just be a small tree it looks great mixed into woodland fringe plantings with rowans, elderberries and field maples. There are so many different maples with excellent attributes that they will form a feature all by themselves in a later article.

Plants are selected for our gardens for their floral beauty, shape, function, ground cover or may be our particular favourite. Plants having good autumn colour is often of secondary importance, so we benefit when they are both attractive in flower or with berries and have autumn colour.

Hammamelis mollis and deciduous azaleas come to mind when you buy them for their flowers, but then get the bonus in autumn with fiery foliage on the dying leaves.

The upright cherry, Prunus Amanogawa, and most of the other cherries have all got exceptional autumn colour as well as their spring blossom.

Even many fruit bushes go dormant in a fanfare show of dazzling colour when they lose their leaves. Blueberries turn golden, saskatoons turn orange then red, chokeberries go deep scarlet and even my outdoor grape Brant turns red around the huge leaf margins before falling off.

 I recently planted several outdoor grape vines, and it is great to see that they also are colouring up just nicely as autumn takes a hold.

As the edible landscape movement gathers popularity so our school kids see, harvest and learn how to use natural fruit from the environment, other plants such as rose hips and the sea buckthorn Hippophae rhamnoides, brambles, hazlenuts and many other edible plants will find their place.

Down at ground level, some varieties of heathers such as Calluna vulgaris Goldsworth Crimson, Golden Feather and Gold Haze really brighten up with golden and orange rusty coloured foliage once they get a bit of frost.

 

Plant of the week

Prunus subhirtella autumnalis is the autumn flowering cherry. It may not have the huge impact of some of the spring flowering cherries, but it is a very welcome sight to see a flowering tree with pale soft pink flowers in November. It will continue to flower all winter if there is a few days of sunny mild weather, but a cold frosty snap will stop the flowers. This cherry tree is very hardy and will grow on most soils reaching over twenty feet on maturity. It also has excellent autumn colour.

 

Painting of the month

Bridge over Brafferton Burn is a small oil painting with a winter landscape image appropriate for this time of year as we head towards the festive season. Other snow scenes, landscapes, flowers and figures are being finished off as I get ready for my winter exhibition in my studio at the end of November.

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